For the first six months of life, breast milk is recommended as the sole source of infant nutrition. However, less than 35% of the world’s infants are exclusively breast fed at this age. Infant formula is the most common substitute in the US and in Europe for infants younger than four months. Substitutes to breast milk must provide sufficient supplies of energy and nutrients to support the rapid growth rate during the infant’s first six months of life. Inadequate or incorrect nutrient and energy intakes can directly affect infant growth and can have long-term consequences on organ development and function, which may result in adverse health effects later in life.
Commission directive 2006/141/EC lays down the essential composition of infant and follow-on formulae, including the minimum and maximum concentration of 13 mineral substances, of which 10 are potentially measurable by Inductively Coupled Plasma Optical Emission Spectrometry (ICP-OES) (Table 1).
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